愛因斯坦《語錄》的聯想

發表人:Dean Shueh 文章觀看數:1002 發表時間:2013/04/04 文章分類:趣味小品
                   愛因斯坦語錄的聯想 


我最近看了一本書,作者是台大物理係教授高涌泉,書名是《另一種鼓聲 - 科學筆記》。書中有一篇文章是《愛因斯坦語錄》。在愛因斯坦「語錄」中,有一些看法,十分有趣,帶給了我一些聯想。

愛因斯坦說過:「想象力比知識重要,因爲知識是有限的,而想象力則涵蓋了整個世界」。(Imagination is more important than knowledge. For knowledge is limited, whereas imagination embraces the entire world)。

愛因斯坦還說過,「真正有價值的是直覺。在探索的道路上,智力無甚用處」(The only real valuable thing is intuition. The intellect has little to do on the road to discovery.)。

所以,我們可以知道,愛因斯坦非常看重「想象力」與「直覺」。

愛因斯坦是公認的二十世紀最偉大的科學家。他是怎樣的一個人?他具備什麽樣的人格特質?他對於做學問這件事有什麽基本的觀點?他是如何看待他自己的成就?對於他的一些觀點,我又會有怎樣的感想? 

本文就是企圖以愛因斯坦的「語錄」,加上我的「想象力」與「直覺」,來回答上述各項問題,並且捕捉住這位一代科學偉人的特殊風範與神韻。

 
關於教育的聯想
愛因斯坦在學校受教育時的表現很普通。他不覺得學校的教育,真正幫他學到些什麽他認爲有價值的東西。 

愛因斯坦說:

《唯一干擾到我學習過程的,是學校教育》
"The only thing that interferes with my learning is my education." 

愛因斯坦不但不認爲學校教育幫到了他,反而認爲學校教育「唯一干擾到他的學習」。愛因斯坦對於學校教育的功效,評價不高。

有趣的是,很多有獨創性成就的大人物,都像愛因斯坦一樣,對於學校教育的功效,評價不高。微軟的比爾蓋茨,蘋果電腦的賈博斯,中國的史學大師顧頡剛等,都是如此。蓋茨與賈博斯都選擇了輟學,不願意讓按部就班的大學教育,「干擾」到他們真正想要做的事情。

我對於我所受的大學教育,評價也不高。但是我不具備這些偉人的高妙天才,所以只好跟著學校教育,一路走下去。我不是很喜歡這種感覺,可是也沒有其他辦法。

所以,真正第一流的人才,可以超越教育制度的羈絆,自己開闢蹊徑,獨立發展。普通的人才,只好跟著教育制度走,在被設計好的體制系統内,拿學位,找工作。等而下之的,跟著教育制度走,就算是拿了學位,也沒有任何實質的意義。無法經濟獨立,無法思想獨立,無法行爲獨立。


爲什麽愛因斯坦會如此評價學校教育呢?在愛因斯坦的「語錄」中,有這樣的一句話,也許可以回答這個問題。

愛因斯坦說:

《如果你不能簡單說清楚,就是你沒完全搞明白。》  
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.”

我推想,愛因斯坦在愛學校受教育,可能發現有很多老師,都不能把一些道理「簡單說清楚」。有的老師,甚至會把學生,引導到錯誤的思考方向;會把一些理論,說得很複雜,又説不清楚;甚至所說的理論,是不正確的。

很多的道理,要想融會貫通,其實真的是很不容易。學校裏的老師,如果「沒完全搞明白」他們所教授課程的内容,當然就無法「簡單說清楚」了。

對於愛因斯坦來説,如果學校老師無法「簡單說清楚」一些理論,在學校上課,就是在「干擾學習」“interferes with my learning”。我想這就是愛因斯坦,對於學校教育評價不高的原因。

 
做學問的推動力 

愛因斯坦是公認的,人類有史以來最偉大的科學家之一。愛因斯坦認爲學校教育,只是干擾他的學習;那麼,他是如何自己做學問呢?我們可以在他的「語錄」中,來探索他做學問的道理。

愛因斯坦說:

《我沒有特殊的才能,有的只是強烈的好奇心》
“I have no special talents. I am only passionately curious”.

愛因斯坦把他的偉大成就,歸功於他「強烈的好奇心」。這裡所謂的「強烈」的原英文字,是“passionately”。所以更精准的中文翻譯,也許應該是「激情般的好奇心」。

愛因斯坦認爲,他做學問的最大推動力,不是來自於他的「特殊才智」“special talents”; 而是來自於他「激情般的好奇心」。

愛因斯坦還說過一句話,就是他認爲,我們所能經歷的最美好的事物,就是探索宇宙的奧秘。

愛因斯坦是這樣說的:

《奧秘,是我們所能經歷的最美的事物,是一切藝術與科學的起源》 
“The most beautiful thing we can experience is the mysterious; It is the source of all true art and science.”

所以,愛因斯坦之所以能成功,是因爲他以「激情般的好奇心」,來探索人世間最美好的事物,就是「宇宙的奧秘」。

好奇心像是火車頭,帶動火車奔馳,去追尋探索宇宙的奧秘。天地至廣,如何奔馳呢?愛因斯坦認爲,「想象力」是取得成就的關鍵因素。

愛因斯坦說: 

《想象力比知識重要,因爲知識是有限的,而想象力則涵蓋了整個世界,他刺激進步,是演化的起源。》
Imagination is more important than knowledge. For knowledge is limited, whereas imagination embraces the entire world, stimulating progress,, giving birth to evolution.

愛因斯坦認爲,想象力「刺激進步,是演化的起源」,英文的原文是“stimulating progress, giving birth to evolution.”。

「激情般的好奇心」提供了強大的動力;「美麗的宇宙奧秘」是探索追求的目標;「想象力」幫他畫出了尋寳的各種各樣的地圖。

在追尋「美麗的宇宙奧秘」的過程中,愛因斯坦有些什麽制勝訣竅呢?


科學研究與直覺 
愛因斯坦認爲,追尋科學突破最有價值的東西,是「直覺」“intuition”。

愛因斯坦說:

《真正有價值的是直覺。在探索的道路上,智力無甚用處》
“The only real valuable thing is intuition. The intellect has little to do on the road to discovery.”

愛因斯坦所謂的直覺,就是盡量以簡單的道理,來描述複雜高深的宇宙現象。
 
愛因斯坦說:
《我們應該使任何事物都變得越簡單越好,而不僅是比較簡單而已》
 "Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler." 


愛因斯坦還有一句話,也是在說同樣的道理:

《我深切的相信,宇宙運行的原理,是優美而又簡單》
"I have deep faith that the principle of the universe will be beautiful and simple." 


因此,愛因斯坦在構思他的理論時,會問自己這樣的問題:
《當我在評判一個理論時,會問自己,如果我是上帝,會這樣來安排世界嗎?》

愛因斯坦認爲,他如果有所成就,不是因爲他聰明,而是因爲他「鍥而不捨」。

愛因斯坦說:

《不是因爲我很聰明,而是因爲我與問題“纏鬥”的時間比較久》
“It's not that I'm so smart , it's just that I stay with problems longer”

對於如何與問題長期纏鬥,愛因斯坦發展出了一個「成功方程式」。這個「成功方程式」具有愛因斯坦獨特的幽默感。

愛因斯坦的「成功方程式」如下:

《如果A代表一個人的成功,那麼A等於x加y加z。勤奮工作是x;y是玩耍,而z是把嘴閉上》
"If A equals success, then the formula is: A = x + y + z;  x is work. y is play, z is keep your mouth shut." 

簡單來説,愛因斯坦認爲「少說廢話」,是成功的一個重要因素。

我很認同愛因斯坦的「成功方程式」。我也不是很喜歡話多的人。話多而又沒有邏輯的人,經常是自言自語,喋喋不休,尤其令人厭煩。


生活相關的感想 
 
愛因斯坦用了一個很幽默的比喻,來描述一些人無可救藥的偏執:

《要打破人的偏見,比崩解一個原子還難》 
“It is harder to crack a prejudice than an atom”

愛因斯坦雖然是位眾所仰望的偉大科學家,但是有些方面,他又是平凡的可愛。愛因斯坦自認,他自己不太會處理好人際關係。

愛因斯坦說:

《我已經認清人際關係之無常,所以學會把自己和熱與冷隔離開來,這樣才能保證溫度的平衡。》

愛因斯坦爲了避免受到「人際關係之無常」的干擾,就學會把自己與群衆「隔離開來」。據説,愛因斯坦經常在普林斯頓校園的小徑踽踽獨行,享受「溫度平衡」的孤獨樂趣。

有趣的是,很多著名的學者,似乎都不善於與人相處,而選擇了避開「人際關係之無常」的干擾。

2001年的一部電影,《美麗境界》(A Beautiful Mind),是一部自傳性的電影。這部電影,在敍述諾貝爾經濟學獎得主,天才數學家約翰.納許(John Nash)的故事。在電影中引述了約翰.納許的話,他說,「我不喜歡與他人交往,他人也不喜歡與我交往。」

在這部電影中,也敍述到納許在普林斯頓大學做研究生的時候,也不去上課。納許認爲,他的研究工作,需要創意。在教室裏上課,對他的創意,毫無幫助。

課堂裏所教導的,都是已經知道答案的東西,或者是介紹一些尚未解決的問題。對於真正的天才型人物來説,想要得到突破性的學術創見,還是要靠自己的思考、以及對於問題長期的「纏鬥」。課堂上的授課,無法滿足他們所最在意的需求。

在愛因斯坦的「語錄」中,還有這樣的一段話:

《選擇少數幾個人,投以無限的愛慕,認爲他們有超人的心智與品格,我認爲這樣是很不公平的,甚至是沒有品味的。可是我的命運就是如此。我的實際能力與成就實在遠不及一般的評價。》

愛因斯坦認爲自己「實際能力與成就,實在遠不及一般的評價」。當全世界都公認他是一個不平凡的超級大人物的時候,似乎有一個人例外。這個人就是他自己。

我們看偉人,看到的是他的高大。偉人對著鏡子看自己,看到的卻是自己的平凡。

所以說,一個人如何看待自己,與別人如何看待他這個人;二者之間,經常有極大的差距。

 
結語 –火爐與姑娘 
我在愛因斯坦的「語錄」中,看到了愛因斯坦用一個非常可愛的比喻,來描述相對論。

愛因斯坦說:

《把你的手放在滾熱的爐子上一分鐘,感覺起來像一小時。坐在一個漂亮姑娘身邊整整一小時,
感覺起來像一分鐘。這就是相對論》
“Put your hand on a hot stove for a minute, and it seems like an hour. Sit with a pretty girl for an hour, and it seems like a minute. That's relativity.”

這個比喻,十分的簡單易懂。不過我還是懷疑,這個「火爐與漂亮姑娘」的模型,是否真能精凖的描
述時間、空間、與質量、都是變數的相對論呢?還是這個「模型」,只是一代大師愛因斯坦,所說的一個具有他獨特幽默感的笑話?

關於這個問題,我不敢下定論,需要請教於相對論的專家了。

不管這個「模型」是真是假,是科學還是笑話,我們就以這個美妙的比喻,做為本文的結尾。


備註
我在此表列本文所引用的愛因斯坦「語錄」。其中的第九、十三、與十四條,摘自於高涌泉教授的《另一種鼓聲 - 科學筆記》書中,我沒有搜尋到英文原文。如果有人能知道這幾條「語錄」的英文原文,歡迎告知。其他大多數的「語錄」條文,包含英文原文,都是由 Google 中擷取得來。


1.《唯一干擾到我學習過程的,是學校教育》 
"The only thing that interferes with my learning is my education." 


2.《如果你不能簡單說清楚,就是你沒完全搞明白。》  
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.”


3. 《我沒有特殊的才能,有的只是強烈的好奇心》
“I have no special talents. I am only passionately curious”.

4.《奧秘,是我們所能經歷的最美的事物,是一切藝術與科學的起源》 
“The most beautiful thing we can experience is the mysterious; It is the source of all true art and science.”

5.《想象力比知識重要,因爲知識是有限的,而想象力則涵蓋了整個世界,他刺激進步,是演化的起源。》
“Imagination is more important than knowledge. For knowledge is limited, whereas imagination embraces the entire world, stimulating progress,, giving birth to evolution.” 

6. 《真正有價值的是直覺。在探索的道路上,智力無甚用處》
“The only real valuable thing is intuition. The intellect has little to do on the road to discovery.”

7. 《我們應該使任何事物都變得越簡單越好,而不僅是比較簡單》
 "Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler." 

8. 《我深切的相信,宇宙運行的原理,是優美而又簡單》
"I have deep faith that the principle of the universe will be beautiful and simple." 

9. 《當我在評判一個理論時,會問自己,如果我是上帝,會這樣來安排世界嗎?》

10. 《不是因爲我很聰明,而是因爲我與問題“纏鬥”的時間比較久》
    “It's not that I'm so smart , it's just that I stay with problems longer”


11. 《如果A代表一個人的成功,那麼A等於x加y加z。勤奮工作是x;y是玩耍,而z是把嘴閉上》
"If A equals success, then the formula is: A = X + Y + Z, X is work. Y is play. 
Z is keep your mouth shut." 

12. 《要打破人的偏見,比崩解一個原子還難》 
“It is harder to crack a prejudice than an atom”

13. 《我已經認清人際關係之無常,,所以學會把自己和熱與冷隔離開來,這樣才能保證溫度的平衡。》

14. 《選擇少數幾個人,投以無限的愛慕,認爲他們有超人的心智與品格,我認爲這樣是很不公平的,
甚至是沒有品味的。可是我的命運就是如此。我的實際能力與成就實在遠不及一般的評價。》

15. 《把你的手放在滾熱的爐子上一分鐘,感覺起來像一小時。坐在一個漂亮姑娘身邊整整一小時,
感覺起來像一分鐘。這就是相對論》
“Put your hand on a hot stove for a minute, and it seems like an hour. Sit with a pretty girl for an hour, 
and it seems like a minute. That's relativity.”
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  • Alex 於2013/05/22回應
    Something strange happened to my post and there was no option to edit it.  Rather than repost the entire response, I will simply add the missing context that was supposed to be at the beginning of the post:
    
    "My friend Mr. William Liu shared with me this interesting discussion and asked me to post my response to him.  My response to William is given below, it contains my humble opinion, but perhaps it might serve to facilitate further discussions or explorations in the area."
  • Alex 於2013/05/22回應
    What normally happens when I am presented with a situation, I seek to understand the context.  Part of the context is the supposed quote from Einstein.  In this age of the Internet, information is readily accessible, however, not all information are "equal".  My challenging mind almost immediately decided to check the validity of the quote, and it appears it is actually a misquote, ie. there is no direct evidence the quote came from Einstein and in fact the quote is likely to be a (mis-)paraphrase from another person which has been "carried far and wide" in its misquoted form by the Internet and accepted as "fact".  According to quoted works, Einstein has actually stated on many occasions that intuition does not come on its own and is built upon experience and intellect, so each play valuable roles.  Why might people not check sources?  Laziness, perhaps.  More likely, it sounds good and give an idea gravitas if it came from a "great mind" such as Einstein's.  This is very common if you recall "Power by Association" (stage 2 in Janet Hagberg's Real Power).
    
    Going back to your query of whether you had listed "right" questions, my personal view is that even if Einstein did make the quote, I would still want to understand the context under which it was made because often meanings are distorted because words are taken out of context. What might Einstein had been thinking of or referring to at the time and is it (now and in the future) applicable to all, some, or even only one unique situation(s)?  Did he retract, modify, or re-contextualize the idea at other times?  Even if none of those happened, could Einstein had been incorrect (those situations have also been documented)?
    
    Since it appears Einstein did not make the original quote and other evidence suggests he valued experience and intellect in their rightful roles.  It does not appear intuition alone is valuable in discovery in Einstein's mind.  My question then is what does your experiences, intellect and intuitions tell you to be "true" ~for you~?
    
    I trust the above is of some use.
    
    For individuals wanting to do their own due diligence or reference checking, one might try Wikiquotes (the page on Einstein's quotes is below):
    
     http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Talk:Albert_Einstein
    
    Or, better yet, seek even more reputable sources.
    
  • Dean Shueh 於2013/05/12回應
    
    愛因斯坦在發展他的廣義相對論理論的時候,時間與空間已經糾結在一起,傳統的歐氏幾何學坐標系統,已經無法用來描述他的理論,所以要從歐氏幾何,走向非歐幾何。
    
    當時蘇黎世工業大學的格羅斯,Marcel Grossman,是當代傑出的數學家。於是愛因斯坦求教於格羅斯。格羅斯以黎曼幾何(也稱微分幾何)的理論架構,成功的幫助了愛因斯坦,來描述他的《廣義相對論》。
    
    簡單來説,格羅斯的數學造詣高於愛因斯坦,但是《相對論》理論模型的成形,還是靠愛因斯坦的《直覺》。數學大師格羅斯所提供的數學知識,只是扮演了「工具」性的功能。
    
    愛因斯坦的成就,當然是高於格羅斯了。
    
    牛頓看到蘋果從樹上掉下來,啓發他去思考一個問題,就是到底是什麽力量導致蘋果從樹上掉下來?牛頓把蘋果從樹上掉下來的現象,與“地球爲什麽會繞著太陽轉”的現象,做了聯結,牛頓認爲這二個現象,是基於同一個物理定律,就是所謂的《萬有引力定律》。
    
    牛頓理論的重點,是這個現象有絕對的普遍性,所以才叫做《萬有》引力定律。
         
    爲了要證明這二個現象是一回事,牛頓發明了《微積分》。其實,在同一個時期,美國的科學家萊比尼茨,也發明了《微積分》。但是牛頓的成就,遠遠的大於萊佈尼茨,因爲萊佈尼茨只是一個傑出的數學家,而牛頓是先有了《萬有引力定律》這樣的「直覺」,最後以微積分的數學工具,證明了他的直覺是正確的。
      
    我想,這就是科學家的《直覺》,與《專業知識》的差別。有專業知識的,未必有直覺;有直覺的,未必有專業知識。最終成就比較大的,是能夠運用專業知識作爲工具,為自己的直覺找出答案的真理追求者吧。
    
    不論是牛頓,還是愛因斯坦,都是如此。他們的《直覺》,發揮了極其關鍵性的作用。
        
          
    
    
  • 劉匡華 於2013/05/12回應
    很高興Fun Gau兄願意分享他對愛因斯坦語錄的看法。大學時代與Fun Gau的徹夜常談一直是我人生最美好的回憶之一。
    
    Fun Gau兄希望回到愛因斯坦的原始語錄說起。顯然他不是很讚成愛氏的這句話:
    《真正有價值的是直覺。在探索的道路上,智力無甚用處》
    “The only real valuable thing is intuition. The intellect has little to do on the road to discovery.”
    
    如果普林斯敦有20到30個人數學比愛因斯坦強。但是他們的成就遠小於愛氏。是不是在暗示要有愛氏的成就必須要有他的數學程度。數學代表了智力。是’直覺”讓愛氏的成就有別於這些人?所以智力是基本配備,不同的領域要有不同的智力程度,但是新的發現主要是”直覺”….我門可以這樣來解讀愛氏的話嗎?
    
    有2,3拾人”智力”與愛氏相當但是”直覺”輸愛氏?因為他們都在解決”錯誤的問題”。你認為愛氏所說的”直覺”就是能幫助找到”對的問題”的能力 ?”對的問題”(對的目標或方向)已經是普世價值了。因為方向最重要,方向對了遲早會達到目的地。方向錯了再努力也到不了目的地。
    
    現在我們討論愛氏的”真正有價值的是直覺。在探索的道路上,智力無甚用處”
    這句話,我們討論的題目是不是也可有以下選擇:
    
    1.	直覺與智力是什麼?
    2.	選擇”對的問題”是靠直覺嗎?
    3.	直覺是可以靠努力來加強的嗎?
    4.	如何培養問”對的問題”的能力?
    5.	要討論愛氏的這句話應該有什麼前提?
    6.	愛氏的這句話值得討論嗎?
    7.	我們應討論有建設性的問題還是跟著感覺與好奇心走?
     
    以上那個問題才是”對的問題”?還是你有別的”對的問題”?你是靠直覺,智力還是其他的能力來判斷什麼問題是”對的問題”?
    
    我問”對問題”了嗎?
    
    
    
    
    
  • Fungau Ho 於2013/05/08回應
    Very interresting link.  Since there are several comments/responses on "intuition", I'll share my thoughts on that topic.
     
    "The only real valuable thing is intuition.  The intellect has little to do on the road to discovery."  ---  Einstein.
     
    This is a strong and exaggerate statement. We all know that in the science field, one can not do much without intellect. How can he say that the intellect has little (which means next to nothing) to do on the road to discovery and intellect is the only real valuable thing (not one of them but the only).  He stands at a much higher level than we do.  We can only interpret his saying based on his level not ours.
     
    One of the mathmatic guru in Princeton at Einstein's time said that he can find 20 to 30 mathmaticians who are more capable than Einstein, but they are solving the wrong problems.  Even you are more capable, more intellective, you will be on the wrong road to discovery.  What is the right problem?  What is the right path?  In Einstein's word, it is intuition.
     
    Modern physics becomes more difficult to understand.  Can you imagin what a 20 dimentions world will look like?  They say yesterday's sciense fiction may become tomorrow's reality.  Imagination and pick the right imagination (I guess that is intuition.) is the key to a successful research.
     
    One day, an apple fell from the tree and hit Newton's head.  That made Newton's imagination machine (also called brain) running.  He might come up with tens or hundreds ideas why apples fell, but he liked the one best "there is an invisible force pulling it down".  At that time there was no knowledge or intellect to explane the invisible force, so what do you call it, sciense fiction, imagination, or intuitive.  Then, Newton worked on that intuitive and developed the theory of gravity.  Newton was the greatest mind, the most intellective mathmatician at his time.  
    Could it be possible that some other people had similar ideas but did not have the mathmatical capability to develop into a gravity theory?  Could it be possible that some other people had the same mathatical capability but developed a theory and later proven to be wrong?  Now, it is your call which is the only real valuable thing on the road to discovery.
     
    Hundreds years later, when Einstein read Newton's story, he might have tens or hundreds ideas in his mind other than the "invisible force", but he liked the one "the mass of earth define the space and time around it".  Einstein was the greatest mind, the most intellective mathmatician at his time.
     
    Halley comet visits earth periodically.  Looks back in the past thousands years of history, how many historical events, novels, poems, imaginations, intuitives, studies, researchs, theories and so on and so forth were caused by Halley.  Diffeerent eyes see different things and that leads to different results.  The sky is blue.  The rose is red.  It is a wonderful world.  One rice feeds hundreds people.  Whatever you read out of it is just whatever you are.
     
    It is funny that I'm thinking what would my thoughts be if I were 20, 40, or 80 years old.  Just like what you see in a mirror - it is a reflection of you.  I don't know what I'm talking about.  Have fun reading, thinking, and let your mind fly.